Unman Wittering and Zigo by Giles Cooper Analysis

We have been studying the play Unman Wittering and Zigo, which was written by Giles Cooper in the 1960's. Giles Cooper was born in Dublin in 1918 into a privileged home. His father was a naval officer, who later became a judge. Giles Cooper's father wanted him to become a diplomat or a lawyer but Giles chose to go to drama school rather than university. He was educated in a public school, subsequently the story is based on his own experiences of authoritarian teaching while he was a student. Giles Cooper was concerned about the effects of authoritarian teaching and as a result wrote this play. The play is about a teacher, John Ebony, in his first job who wants to make a good impression. He finds that the boys he is teaching are fractious and have a nasty habit of gambling. His life as a teacher rapidly descends in to a nightmare, and as the story goes on he begins to uncover the mystery surrounding the death of the previous school master. It goes on to reveal something dark and unpleasant about the nature of the boys who killed their form teacher. The play was written for radio so there aren't any visuals. The audience therefore had to imagine what the characters and scenarios were like. As it is a radio play the tone and pitch of the voice are very important because this is the medium through which effective understanding is conveyed. The scenes in the play are very short because audiences cannot listen for a long time without visuals. Therefore the director must entertain the audience by providing a gripping thriller. John is used in the story to expose the hidden secrets of Chantery and the corruption of the boys. Giles Cooper does this through a vulnerable and in experienced teacher. John is trying to be more like Mr Winstanly but this does not work for John because he is far too inexperienced. In the first scene John is appointed as a temporary teacher at Chantery. When the Head is talking to him he makes sure John knows about the reputation of the school, as if the headmaster is showing off. Surprisingly the headmaster ignores John's questions and instead of answering he interrupts or changes the subject. ‘Was he my predecessor? Er, Yes. That brick building†¦.' This makes the reader wonder why? He does it because he is hiding something about Mr Pelham The headmaster tells John that Lower 5 B are a little mischievous but he does not reveal the full truth about the class but holds it back. The Head then leaves him with Cary, by doing this the headmaster comes across as an irresponsible character. He also undermines John's confidence because he feels he is not important enough to be shown around the classroom. This is not the case. The headmaster is scared that John will find out about the corruption of the school if he is shown too much. This shows the Headmaster is hiding the inner secrets of the school and is only showing the ‘sugar coated topping' of an apparently successful public school. In scene 3 the boys take control very quickly. From the beginning the boys start mocking John and giving random and futile comments, as though they are mocking the way teachers teach. ‘Jamaica's in the Caribbean, sir' They use a derisive tone by giving useless information as though they are teasing John. John loses his temper and responds to this in an authoritarian way. As a diversion they then poke Wittering, who cries out loud. This delays the lesson again. When his attempt to quiet them down fails he resorts to using his authority. â€Å"Now I don't wish to crack the whip on our first morning but I will if you make me† The pupils respond to this by giving a fake confession to him of Mr Pelham's murder but they use this confession as an attempt to intimidate John throughout scene 3, John raises his voice constantly i.e. using authoritarian teaching to gain control of the class but this does not work and he fails to regain control of the class. The students take advantage of John's inexperience and in doing so gain an advantage over John When the Head walks in, the boys carry on with the lesson and by doing this makes us think that they have done this before. This is the chance John has to tell the Headmaster about what they had said, but foolishly he doesn't. This shows that John's confidence has diminished. Furthermore John presumably does not want to tell the Head because it could create the impression that he cannot handle the class. In scene 8, convinced that the boys have committed some sort of crime, John takes Mr Pelham's wallet to the headmaster and suggests that it should be given to the police. However, (contrary to John expectations) the headmaster tells him off for leaving the class and ignores his concerns. â€Å"‘It was in his pocket when he was killed' ‘It is a practice which is always discouraged here. Every period should be worked through whatever happens'† The headmaster then changes the subject, suggesting he doesn't want to discuss John's concerns, by saying he wanted to invite him for dinner. This shows that the headmaster does not give John any support but more importantly does not want the secrets of what happens in the school to be exposed. He is extremely sensitive about the reputation of the school. The Headmaster then seems to order him to return to Lower 5 B, â€Å"‘ Lower 5 B have been left to their own devices for long enough, Miss Gammel' ‘But sir' ‘Discourage any discussion of the matter'† By doing this the headmaster is discarding any of his suggestions and is not helping out John when he is inexperienced and unsure of what to do. The situation would affect John greatly because he knows he doesn't have any one to turn to and cannot do anything even if the boys intimidate and taunt him. When John returns the pupils seem to know what the Headmaster has said. ‘On the whole Ebony. The less said the better. Perhaps you better return to Lower 5 B. They have been left to their own devices for too long.' This suggests it has been said before. Teachers have gone to the headmaster but he has been very dismissive. The pupils seeing John's lack of confidence take advantage of the invitation and make a proposal. â€Å"‘You don't want to be sacked from your first job do you sir†¦.' ‘No he wants us to be a credit to him.'† The tone of the pupils her would be very calm, slightly intimidating as though they know they are in control but also very persuasive but this time they spoke in more of a friendly manner. On the other hand John would be speaking in an uncertain tone and seems to agree to the modus vivendi although he doesn't actually say anything which emphasises his powerlessness. The modus vivendi creates a vague sense of stability in the classroom as it brings about a situation in which the constant battle for power is ended for the time being. This is because it seems John has finally been defeated and the students have gained control. John admits defeat at this point and it is now that he is finally sees the truth in their confessions and begins to develop an idea of how cunning and clever the students are and how much the system has corrupted them. As a result of this he sees no point of arguing with them as they obviously don't lack determination. The situation changes once again when the Headmaster more or less sacks John. ‘†¦.that's the last thing I'd want you to think, but we always like to have Old Chantovians on the staff and as Grimwits available for the Easter term we really think we ought to take this opportunity to secure his services†¦.' The headmaster not only puts John out of a job, but crushes his high hopes of raising his teaching status by starting in a well known and supposedly successful public school. One characteristic that John does not lack is ambition. It is this that causes him to be irresolute at a time when discipline is needed as he doesn't want to spoil his chances of a permanent job. Getting sacked in turn brings about a new feeling of anger. In this new frame of mind it now seems to John that he has nothing to lose and this creates new possibilities for John. In scene 24 the tables turn, as John gains power and the students lose it. The students begin to realise that they can't hold anything against John and moreover the fact that he doesn't seem to care anymore. Now it is the students that begin to panic. When John refuses to teach the lesson, the students retaliate by trying to show that they don't need him and haven't lost anything. They try to prove how little his withdrawal affects them so attempt to continue with the lesson themselves. â€Å"‘And he's taking it out on us' ‘It's not fair' ‘Are we going to let him?' ‘No. We'll go on ahead without him. Cuthbun, you're the best at history you take us'† This attempt fails as their independent learning skills have not been developed, and soon there is chaos when they begin to bully Wittering, taking all their frustration out on him. This is where the writer shows that, although too much authority has disturbing consequences, totally removing it would be just as harmful because anarchy would be the result. The confession and revelation of Mr. Pelham's death plays an essential role throughout the play. Not only does it disclose what characters authoritarian teaching can create. It also shows the extent of Cooper's passionate views regarding authoritarian teaching. The play is about violence and authority, the questions posed by the play are- Does authority prevent violence, or does authority cause violence?

Personal Branding Plan Paper Essay

I am a 13 year Army Veteran, with commitment, loyalty, ambitious but also practical. I am continuing to learn and grow within my position. I was a supply sergeant in the military where I gained knowledge in different operating systems. I also have background in customer service from Taco Bell, numerous banks and my current employment. I believe that I’m a better employee because I’ve attained a lot of assorted skills from the different employments I have had over the years. These skills help me to work out problems resourcefully. I have always been good at working with little to no supervision. Identify 3 to 4 companies you want to work for and explain the reason why. Identify the best methods for contacting the companies and engaging those who might influence the hiring decisions. One company I would love to work for is the Department of Veterans’ Affairs Human Resource Department. Another company would be the Department of Defense. Another company is University Hospitals. I want to keep my talent in the medical or dental fields. I will summarize the reasons for employment at the various locations. As an employee of the Department of Veterans Affairs Human Resource Department I would be working for the leading most technological cutting-edge integrated health care facility in the Nation. I would have various opportunities for leadership positions at my disposal. With me having ties to the military and a disabled veteran I feel it is only necessary to continue in a field I am so passionate about. If I was to be hired at a Veterans Hospital I could transfer my military time to the civilian side to retire using both military and civilian time as time served. I will also get some of my same benefits as if I were still in the military. At this present time I am currently working for the Department of Defense as an Administrative Assistant for the Army Dental Laboratory. The benefits are outstanding; you receive 6 hours of paid leave time per pay  period (Annual Leave, 2001). I also receive sick leave pay which is 4 hours per pay period. The Department of Defense also has a retirement fund that you can contribute to and the government will match my contributions up to five percent. Did I forget to mention I get paid holidays; my only complaint here in this position would have to be there is no place for advancement in this office. Other places in the hospital where I am qualified to work there is room for advancement. The Department of Defense also has a Federal Student Loan Repayment Program for certain positions. The University Hospital here in Augusta would also be a top contender in my choices of places to work. Even though it has no affiliation with the military I would consider this hospital a third choice. It is the second largest acute care hospital in the region; it is the only Magnet Hospital in the surrounding areas. I would be a great asset to the University Hospital because of my previous experience in the labor and delivery department. The University Hospital likewise has eye-catching benefit packages. They have flexible shifts, opportunities for improvement to better positions, tuition repayment, and scholarships. The hospital in addition to the other benefits they have wellness education, a uniform shop on the premises, a credit union, and retirement funds. The University Hospital has 14 hospital or clinics in the surrounding area. Identify the best methods for contacting the companies for employment. All the hospitals applications are online for interested people to apply for the positions. The University Hospital has a local phone number you can call to inquire about certain positions as well as online applications. With the Department of Defense and Department of Veteran Affairs you have to apply online and in addition to the application you also have to submit supporting documents, to include previous job ratings. If you were ever in the military the DD 214 which is the discharge paper, any transcripts too. This paper has summarized my background and what makes me a unique person. Also it gives 3 companies I would like to work for and the reasons behind it. Lastly what is the best ways to contact the companies? Everyone is using some form of technology to get their future employees, by computers, telephones and even knowing someone at the company are the best way to get your foot in the door. Reference Page: Annual Leave. (2001). Retrieved May 25, 2014, from OPM GOVERNMETN POLICY: http://www.opm,gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/leave-administrative/fact-sheets/annua-leave/ University Health Care System. (2009). Retrieved May 26, 2014, from http://universityhealth.org/jobs#.U4NcFPldWm8 VA Jobs Home. (2014, May 13 last updated). Retrieved May 26, 2014, from US Department of Veterans Affairs: http://www.careers.gov

Business overview of reliance travel agency

Business overview of reliance travel agency Reliance travel agency established since 1969 in the forefront of the Travel & Tourism business and is a leading Travel Management Company in Malaysia and is the first Tour and Travel Company listed on the KLSE (1993). Brand value for the company is Trust, Speed and Choice. They specialize in travel package around the globe with experience and quality service Reliance travel network expand to more than 200 destinations in locally and overseas. They provided widest choice of travel destination with great service value such as independent tour bookings, fight reservations, airline ticketing, accommodation bookings, customized tour package and car hire. Reliance senior management team is composed of professional with extensive experience from all aspect in travel field. Besides, with excellent relationship with airlines and travel suppliers, they can provide quality standard service with pair pricing that satisfied their customers. For Reliance, customer satisfaction is the most valuab le asset. Vision To be international well known travel agency brand by serve amazing journey destination and providing fun, leisure, holidays and vacations to customers (Reliance Travel, 2008-2010) 1.1 PESTEL Political Factors Government Policies Reliance has to obey policies of the government where they run their business activities. When nation or foreign company invest in Malaysia, Malaysia government will support them and welcomed their investment by provides many incentives for company that operating in Malaysia. Since the tourism industry is one of the top priorities, they have a bright future operating in Malaysia. Political Stability Political stability in Malaysia creates an opportunity for Reliance to expand their business worldwide. Reliance famous in many countries because of their brand value Trust, Speed and Choice. For political stability companies, represents an attractive expansion opportunity. With good brand value and political stability, this will help to increas e profit of Reliance as well. Economic Factor Malaysia government provides many incentives to national and foreign companies to stimulate further economic growth. Besides, inflation in Malaysia is very low because government controlling the situation cautiously. The latest report of inflation rate is Malaysia was 1.90%, reported in July 2010. The average inflation rate in Malaysia from 2005 until 2010 was 2.77 percent reaching an historical high of 8.50 percent in July of 2008 and a record low of -2.40 percent in July of 2009.   [ 1 ]    Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 1.30 1.20 1.30 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.90                2009 3.90 3.70 3.50 3.00 2.40 -1.40 -2.40 -2.40 -2.00 -1.50 -0.10 1.10 2008 2.30 2.70 2.80 3.00 3.80 7.70 8.50 8.50 8.20 7.60 5.70 4.40 * The table above displays the monthly average Source: Trading Economic, Inflation Rate 2010 If there is economic growth in the country and per capital income is increasing due to increase in GDP will create an opportunity for Reliance. This is because purchasing power of the people will increase and they can spend more on purchasing. There is a down fall in the economy of many countries. Growing inflation rate and unemployment rate has reduced the purchasing power of the people. There are many benefits that tourism industry brings to our economy. First of all, when governments promote tourism industry in Malaysia, it will bring foreign currency and generate wealth for country. Besides, it also helps to provide job opportunities and helps economies at district levels, such as improving urban and rural areas which in turn stimulates new business enterprises and promotes a more positive image in an area. For an example, when tourist come to visit Malaysia, their will bring business to Malaysia. This will help to create job opportunities and governments also will develop more infrastructures such as leisure mall to attract more tourists.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Research Proposal Example Hence, they were exposed to both the fear generated by the film on smoking, as well as provided with the tools to begin to tackle those fears. i.e, smoking cessation tips. This study found that the desired action was increased in the third category of participants. In the first instance, where the participants were only shown the film about the dangers of smoking, high levels of fear were aroused, but this did not produce the desired effect, on the contrary, participants increased their smoking after being exposed only to the film. This was explained on the basis of the denial hypothesis, whereby when participants who are already high anxiety persons are exposed to more fear generation through the vehicle of the film, the net effect of such fear generation is psychological denial wherein they refuse to believe that the threat could actually apply to them. As a result, this does not produce any reduction in fear at all. Similarly, those who were exposed to only the tips on how to stop smoking did not demonstrate the desired effect either, because in this instance, the levels of fear were not adequate enough to spur the participant into action. Since the dangers of smoking were not impressed upon these participants and fear was not sparked off in them, they did not fully realize the dangers of smoking. As a result, after the study was conducted, these participants also demonstrated higher levels of smoking. Hence, this tactic was also not successful in achieving the desired objective, i.e, reduction in smoking levels of the participants. This study demonstrated that neither very high levels of fear nor very low levels of fear can successfully achieve the desired objective. Rather it is moderately high levels of fear which are truly effective. As pointed out by the authors in this study, it is the highly threatening messages that generate higher

New Abortion Regulations in Virginia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Abortion Regulations in Virginia - Essay Example Still, it has been common practice for Planned Parenthood to rally support among those who believe in pro-choice, to oppose measures that would require inspection of the organizations’ clinics or mandate health standard adherence. The argument has consistently been that following such â€Å"unnecessary† regulations would make abortions more costly for patients; or perhaps even unavailable since many of the clinics would be unable to adhere to such standards (â€Å"MyLot†). Even though abortions are controversial and many feel that they should be illegal altogether, abortion clinics should be regulated because abortions should be treated like any other surgical procedure and the new law will protect women from an unhealthy and unclean environment. Abortion clinics should be regulated, just like any other medical facility. Prior to the new legislation in Virginia, clinics were allowed to soar under the radar, so to speak. They were not subject to rigorous inspection. However, according to the Clinic Quotes Website, there have been a number of cases where a government official entered an abortion clinic, undercover, based on a tip received from an employee or patient, and have found clinics abusing their freedom.

Thomas Cook and the modern tourism industry. The Evolution of Essay

Thomas Cook and the modern tourism industry. The Evolution of International Tourism - Essay Example The specific industry has appeared rather early, around the 15th century; however, it was only in the 19th century that the first schemes of modern tourism appeared. Thomas Cook has been an entrepreneur who highly influenced modern tourism. The perceptions of the above entrepreneur on tourism had led to the transformation of the industry and the establishment of advanced forms of tourism, which affected not only the British but also the global economy. The impact of Thomas Cook on modern tourism is reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is given on the contributions of Thomas Cook that mostly affected the tourism industry; reference is made both in the short and the long-term effects of the intervention of Thomas Cook in the tourism industry. It is made clear that the role of Thomas Cook in the development of modern tourism has been decisive. However, the current form of modern tourism is the result of the rapid development of technology worldwide, which allowed the improvement of infrastr ucture for the needs of the tourism industry and the increase of destinations. Because of Thomas Cook the tourism industry was made accessible to people of all economic and social characteristics, a fact which is considered as the key contribution of Thomas Cook in the specific industry, along perhaps with the packaging tours, a scheme first introduced by Thomas Cook (Sayre and King 2009). In other words, Thomas Cook set the basis for modern tourism; the industry’s development through the decades has been strongly based on economic and technological development as promoted in countries worldwide. 2. Thomas Cook and the modern tourism industry 2.1. Origins and characteristics of the modern tourism industry The first forms of tourism can be identified in Britain of 15th century. In the 16th century also, the mansions used across England ‘became cultural centres’ (Page and Connell 2006, p.28). It was during the above periods that the origins of tourism can be identi fied. The ‘visiting friends and relatives scheme’ (Page and Connell 2006, p.28) was considered as the initial form of tourism in Britain. In the 17th century, the ‘polite tourism’ (Page and Connell 2006, p.28) was highly developed. In the context of this type of tourism, visits were made to important members of the society (Page and Connell 2006). The health tourism, i.e. the visit to areas that would benefit the health, also appeared in the 17th century, and has been further developed up today (Page and Connell 2006). In the centuries that followed, the characteristics of tourism were changed. Instead of a pleasure enjoyed by only the rich, tourism became an activity for the masses; the mass tourism, which was first developed by Thomas Cook, as, explained below. The most common view regarding the development of modern tourism is included in the study of Best (2010). In accordance with the above researcher, the transformation of travel to modern tourism too k place in 1841 through the ‘railway journey from Leicester to Loughborough in the context of a Temperance meeting’ (Best 2010, p.139). Thomas Cook arranged the above meeting considering that it would be a good chance for families to visit a place with a dry climate, like Loughborough. The relationship between modern tourism and the above event is highly emphasized in the literature, showing the contribution of Thomas Cook in the development of travel as a leisure activity. The transformation of tourism through the centuries reveals the following fact: tourism has passed a phase of

You choose it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

You choose it - Essay Example Also, considering the intensity of the issue, it is also important to take a look at the perspective of drug traders. Drug trade is often connected with poor economic conditions, drug-related violence, and other crimes. The government has generally taken an anti-drugs stance enforcing prohibitive laws that aim to reduce drug trade. Over the years, many advocates of illicit drugs such as marijuana legalization pressure groups have sprung up. Hence, the issue is of legislative importance too which sparks the revision of what constitutes as an illicit drug, the recreational and medical uses of such drugs and what is drug abuse. To start, underground drug trade is illegal and most of this trade occurs as illicit drugs are smuggled across borders. Being illegal, drug trade generates huge amounts of black money which is kept undocumented. As a result, no tax payment occurs as the undocumented money crosses borders (Duyne and Levi, 2005). This ultimately means that less tax revenue is generated by the government leading to lesser budget allocation for developmental expenditure in turn affecting the financing of mega civil projects that come under the domain of civil engineers. Less infrastructural activities are conducted by the government causing fewer job opportunities to be created. However, this is one aspect which economically concerns the domain of civil engineering. In recent years, drug mafias have become highly organized in their operations adopting sophisticated channels to transport the illicit drugs. As such, the drug trade, flourishing throughout the world, has created various issues involving law enforcement authorities as well as civil engineers. Gatti (2014) notes the role of civil engineers in providing the technical and operational expertise in helping the authorities to counter drug trade. In the specific article, civil engineers are involved in an organized effort to demolish drug trade-related

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Summary - Essay Example She has termed the bigger dams a recipe of disaster that impacts the masses in a direct manner. She expresses her concern in the context of the price being paid by the ordinary citizen. The author of the â€Å"Greater Common Good† Arundhati Roy derives her repute and recognition from skills and pedigree in number of domains. Her notable works are â€Å"The God of Small Things (1997) ( Roy, 2002)†. Other notable works of Arundhati Roy include the â€Å"In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones† (Roy, ,2003) â€Å"Electronic Moon (1992)† along with the more talked about movie â€Å"The Great Indian Rape Trick† which was more significant on the account of tracing the life events of Polen Devi. Sardar Sarovar Dam being part of the Narmada Valley is an example of the same pattern where big dam is on the lines of development and construction and this in turn is bringing about all the challenges that are stated above. Arundhati Roy has taken up the case of Narmada River dams with regard to its facilitation, its terrain, impact on the people and other associated factors. The grey areas in case of dams’ construction come in form of the development line. The people do receive compensations and other packages but that is not like the actual case and feature. Little concern and consideration is given to the area of their rehabilitation in the context of mental disturbance and overall social stratification that takes place and hits back in a negative manner. According to Roy, the conventional mindset would for big dams based on the conventional stats and facts that they would serve as repository of water and other resources of natural life; however this would in actual stand as rhetoric only. The other side of the story and the page is given little regard and value. One of the common beliefs that is prevailing against the establishment of the reservoirs is that of the carbon dioxide repository and emission from these sources which further leads to imbalance in the

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, Essay

The growth in internet use has affected cultures around the world, leading to a westernised, homogenous culture - Essay Example This is so especially in the case of internet, which is a rapidly growing service almost available and accessible in all parts of the world. The internet, thus is known to have a major influence in people’s lives, their values, traditions as well as culture. This influence is steering the minds of the users into a westernised path of life. However, on the other hand, people are also seen to work towards the uplifting their own culture, as more and more languages are added to the internet in the present time, in order to increase the number of local users. Therefore, growth in the use of internet brings the whole world together into one large westernised homogenous culture while people also follow their own local cultures. Since the ancient times, the superior cultures have almost always had their influence on other cultures. This can be seen by taking the example of the British rule over India, Africa and such other countries or even when the Germans gained control over France . The dominating country always tried to imbibe their way of living as well as culture on the suppressed. This has both benefited the oppressed country as well as had negative influences too. But basically, taking the case of India, the country is in a much better position in terms of intellectuality and has been able to grasp modernity more because it was once under the rule to the British government, which was the driving force back in those days. Now with the advent in technology as well as with the creation of the mass communication computer network called ‘Internet,’ it is easier for the leading countries to promote their own culture. Now the difference here is that, in the olden times people were forced to accept the culture of the dominators, whereas now they have a choice, where they can choose whether to accept this culture or not. In the present world, globalisation aims at â€Å"interdependence† between different countries â€Å"rather than dominanceà ¢â‚¬  of developed nations over the developing or underdeveloped ones (Samovar et al. 2009, p.296). Internet is like an exchange forum, where people communicate and they come to understand the cultures of other people and also share their own cultures in this process of interaction. Internet is growing and now possessing its own culture, it is known by different terms such as â€Å"super-medium, meta-medium or a hybrid-medium† (Elm, n.d., p.85). It is this medium that enables the formation of various â€Å"virtual communities† throughout the world, resulting in a global coming together of people belonging to different nations (Hongladarom, n.d., p.2). Now the main people behind the development of such a medium are obviously the Westerners, who have always remained a superpower, and it becomes clear that the United States as well as UK has major â€Å"cultural and commercial influences† on countries all over the world (Chapter 4, p.49-http://wlxt.whut.edu.cn/new /wlyx/Resource/PaperAnswer/chap04im.pdf). As mentioned earlier, this paper aims to evaluate the influence of internet use in bringing together different cultures into a more homogenised one through the fields of business and language. Both these fields are interconnected and it is possible that when one aspect is taken into consideration, the other may be a prevalent affecting factor there. In order to know

Organizational culture and IT infrastructure in concurrence with Essay

Organizational culture and IT infrastructure in concurrence with knowledge management - Essay Example A culture does not typically change quickly, but in order to keep up with technology, an adaptable culture must be designed. In conducting the research for this paper, the focus has been placed on the following objectives: To identify and define organizational culture, IT infrastructure, and knowledge management. To create a framework of understanding on how these three aspects of an organization are effectively integrated. To conduct an analysis of these three concepts and formulate a working concept on how best to design and implement them within an organizational structure. Introduction The creation of IT infrastructure is designed to facilitate the management of knowledge in regard to how IT is implemented and in what ways the hardware and software will need to be attended. The choices that are made at this time will affect how responsibility is distributed and where responsibility will be held in regard to keeping systems up and running. Responsibility is in direct correlation t o knowledge and the level to which knowledge is managed and disseminated and can only be held when appropriate knowledge has been disseminated. Organizational culture is in direct alignment with how knowledge is managed and in how the IT infrastructure is designed in reference to its effective use. Literature Review Organizational culture is defined by Martin (2001) as a way to â€Å"explain ‘how things are done around here,’ the ways in which offices are arranged and personal items are or are not displayed, jokes people tell, the working atmosphere (hushed and luxurious or dirty and noisy), the relationships among people†¦aspects of working life† (p. 3). One of the primary factors in how a organizational culture is created is through the affect that leadership has upon the nature of the traditions, habits, and belief systems within a system. According to Schein (2004), â€Å"Culture is both a dynamic phenomenon that surrounds us at all time, being constant ly enacted and created by our interactions with others and shaped by leadership behavior, and a set of structures, routines, rules and norms that guide and constrain behavior† (p, 1). IT infrastructure is the â€Å"equipment, systems software, and services used in common across an organization regardless of mission, or project†¦the foundation on which mission, program, or project specific systems and capabilities are built† (Leonard, 2009, p. 139). Part of that structure is defined by the way in which the culture of an organization is developed and how that has influenced the management of information. In creating an IT infrastructure, an organization must also construct a way in which to manage the knowledge of its use at the various levels that this specific knowledge must be shared and integrated into formal use. According to Khosrowpour (2004), â€Å"Communication between IT and business should be pervasive throughout the organization, informal, regularly occu rring, and use rich methods such as e-mail, video-conferencing, and face-to-face†(p. 442). The report goes on to relay the idea that an important awareness has been reached about the connection between the organizational culture and the IT infrastruc

“Syriana” and Successive Marxist Theory Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Syriana† and Successive Marxist Theory Essay Stanley Aronowitz and William Difazio’s work on contemporary Marxist theory following and analyzing Fordism views of labor as a means to exploit and control workers is very interesting when applied to the film, â€Å"Syriana†.   Their ideas illuminate the problems with Fordism (referring to Henry Ford’s method of car production) and its technological effects on control of both workers and their time. Creating â€Å"endless† work through technology and its reach beyond the workplace (cell phones, internet, etc) and, also, alienation from the social processes outside of work, such as in the family and community are part of this Marxist theory. Their idea, also, points to Capitalism used to exploit people, through a dogma or ideology of the need to perform this meaningless and endless work.   Aronowitz and DiFazio believe that when people are free from a menial, controlled, and exploitative environment, then only then can they be free to become part of the social processes outside of work and in the rest of the world around them. The exploitation of all the main characters in â€Å"Syrianaâ€Å", through their various jobs and the contrasting roles of other members of their family, who had more time to â€Å"play† is central to this thesis.   There were four dyads that should be highlighted throughout the film to make this point.   When freed from meaningless work, many different roles can be seen, when exploited by it we can see opposite roles.   George Clooney’s character â€Å"Bobby† is an example of a worker, who was exploited by his employer (the United States CIA). His job life consisted of constantly working for this organization with a mention from one of his former co-workers that he has been â€Å"used† and he probably never even knew why. He states that he never did need to know.   He is used as a â€Å"fall guy† for this organization when an operation goes awry.   This exploitation is an example of what can happen when a worker is constantly alienated from all other processes going on around him.   His son, in contrast, shows interest in â€Å"playing†, in going to college, rowing, and in girls.   He claims to want a normal life, the opposite of what his father has.   But, in the end, when â€Å"Bobby† is under investigation and free to make his own choices, he chooses to do what he believes is right in saving a prince that is to be assassinated.   Only when he is free from his exploiters, can he be free to make his own choices. Another dyad is that of â€Å"Bryan† (Matt Damon’s character) and his son â€Å"Maxâ€Å".   Bryan is an energy analyst and, through Aronowitz and DiFazio’s idea of endless work, Bryan is asked to and agrees to working on his son’s birthday.   While Bryan is working, the family is playing, and this in a very strong point to this thesis, proves fatal.   His son is killed in an accident, caused by technology and its imperfection. If it were not for both technology and endless work, the son, â€Å"Max† would still be alive.   In an interesting twist to this, â€Å"Bryan† goes on to work as an advisor for the same visionary prince that â€Å"Bobby† tries to save.   When â€Å"Bryan† is freed from his analyst job, he goes on to work for this visionary in an attempt to help change the world for the better. â€Å"Bryan† mentions the slow pace of the Persian people and how their work ethic seems different and slower.   He sees this as a sharp contrast to his position that led him to endless work and his son’s death. Two other dyads should be examined and that is of   â€Å"Bennett† the attorney for a powerful oil company and his father and that of a Pakistani, who calls himself â€Å"Johnny† and his father.   Both of these fathers are out of work and have more time to think and play.   â€Å"Bennett† spends so much time working that he cannot see the harm he is doing, though his father has time to think and drink (excessively) and he disagrees with his son’s work.   This shows the negative side of unemployment and disengagement with civil life, which can occur if one does not apply themselves to using their capabilities. â€Å"Bennett’s† father does show his son negative attention, which is all he can do.   Similarly, â€Å"Johnny† desires money to bring his mother to be with his father and he.   The father is shown playing and enjoying the freedom from meaningless work, while â€Å"Johnny† searches for something meaningful.   In a negative twist to this â€Å"Johnny† is recruited and exploited to be a suicide bomber and then his life does have meaning, but it is in his death.   Without this dogma of the meaning of work and the need for commodities, these dyads would not be so complicated.   Work and the idea of â€Å"meaningful† work puts a rift in these families and causes social disease (alcoholism and religious extremism).

The Writings of Shakespeare and Donne Essay Example for Free

The Writings of Shakespeare and Donne Essay The poems from William Shakespeare and John Donne that interest me are â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† and â€Å"The flea†. One of the main reason that I am writing about these two poems are because they are the only ones that I know of because that is what we talked about in class and I have never read poetry in my life. Poetry has always been difficult for me to read because of my mild case of dyslexia. I have to read the sentence a couple of times before I finally figure out what the writer is trying to say. Obviously I have heard of Shakespeare before and knew about his works that included Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, and Julius Caesar. What I didn’t know was how successful and influential his poetry was. But unlike William Shakespeare, I have never heard about John Donne until the lecture a few days ago. After reading the two poems I believe that there are many similarities and differences in the style that both of these poets write. In â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day by William Shakespeare I certainly feel that the author is addressing a woman with whom he is truly in love. This is purveyed to me by the two strong opening lines, â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate†. Shakespeare starts the sonnet off with how strongly he loves this woman and then goes on to say â€Å"Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all to short a date: Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines† Shakespeare is saying that even though he loves her, she is still not perfect. Afterwards he goes on to say, â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st† which he is saying that her youth will not fade and that her beauty will always remain with her for the rest of her life. It ends with â€Å"So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. † He is trying to say that as long as people are alive on the Earth, his feelings towards this woman will never change and will allow her to live forever. A poem we have studied and which also focuses on a similar situation to that of â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† is â€Å"The flea† by John Donne. In it he goes on to say that the flea has sucked both of their bloods and how they are now mingled together. He says, â€Å"This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is† The man in the story believes that he and the woman are one with the flea and if she decides to kill the flea she would be killing the marriage between them. The poem ends with, â€Å"’Tis true; then learn how false fears be: Just so much honor, when thou yield’st to me, Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee. This means that if she were to sleep with him, she would lose no more honor than she lost when she killed the flea. The similarities between â€Å"The flea† and â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† are not quite as numerous as the differences. One of the main similarities is that both of the main characters are in love with a woman, even their love seems to be the opposite of each other. There are many differences in the way that Shakespeare and Donne write. Shakespeare is more in your face I guess you would say. He doesn’t use as much trickery as Donne does in his sonnet and is a lot easier to understand in my opinion. The tone in â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† seems to be more upbeat than in â€Å"The flea†. How Donne uses a flea and blood in his sonnet makes it seem more ominous. As you can see, they are many similarities and differences in the way that William Shakespeare and John Donne write in â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† and â€Å"The Flea†. Both of these poets had a long lasting impact upon Western Civilization and helped influence the English language all around the world. If someday I become hooked to reading poetry, I can look back and know these two poems are what got me addicted.

Free Will Is An Illusion Philosophy Essay

Free Will Is An Illusion Philosophy Essay In my research I shall be investigating whether individuals can hold full moral responsibility for their actions if free will does not exist. Firstly I shall be exploring why it is claimed that free will is an illusion and looking more closely at the deterministic route. Then I shall be looking more closely at moral responsibility to see if we hold full responsibility through determinism/ causality. I will be looking into different areas of determinism from soft and hard determinism and compatibilism; looking at philosophers such as Kane and Hume. I shall conclude in my research that it is possible to hold full moral responsibility but yet be determined. This argument is supported by analogies such as the Frankfurt argument. Free will and determinism defined To investigate whether moral responsibility can exist without free will, we firstly have to explore the arguments of free will and determinism. The first approach that will be examined is libertarianism. Libertarianism states that humans have free will, and that there is a free action, therefore denying the thesis of determinism. Determinism being the opposite branch; denying free will and obtaining that for everything that happens in the universe there are conditions, and given those conditions, nothing else could happen or be changed. Already we can see how they conflict, actions cannot be free, but yet determined. Libertarianism is based on the belief that not all events in the universe are subject to causation  [1]  . After distinguishing both libertarianism and determinism I shall then move on to my next chapter to examine how the both collide with one another; to come to the conclusion that free will is unable to exist because determinism stands to strong. I will now explai n what each definition means with philosophers ideas. Libertarianism- Libertarians are revolved around an agent being able to do otherwise. If an agent has the choice and decision to do otherwise, then they are therefore free in their action. Kane is a well-known philosopher who defends the position of free will. In order to define what we mean by free will, he first describes what he means by Will. After distinguishing what Kane means by Will, he moves on to explain how our Will is free. He states to be a self or person or rational agent was to have reason, or the capacity to reason, and this was essential, as they viewed it, for the existence of anything we could call free will  [2]  . In order to have free will, we must be capable to reason, but as Kane explains we also need to recognise the capacity to reason has two kinds; theoretical and practical. Theoretical reasoning meaning intellect and practical reasoning meaning will; this allows us to act rationally as humans. He defines the term rational will as a set of powers defined in terms of a family of concepts whose focal member is practical reasoning or deliberation  [3]  . Kane moves on to explain what he means by practical reasoning; reasoning about what to be done. This means what one ought to do or should do, or what one chooses or decides; which signifies two kinds of judgements. The Will is a set of conceptually interrelated powers or capacities, including the power to deliberate, or to reason practically, to choose or decide, to make practical judgements, to form intentions or purpose, to critically evaluate reasons for action, and so forth. Kane describes the meaning of Will, to be rational and to reason. In order to have free will we have to be rational being. We can prove that we are rational beings as we have to have to capacity to reason, which every human attains. Therefore, to have the ability to reason as rational beings enables us to be free in our actions. We are able to look into situations and reason which is the best course of action to take. If we were pre-determined from the beginning of the universe to follow certain actions, then it means our reason would be pointless. Kane claims that being a rational being means we have freedom as humans, because we have the ability to reason. Humans generally act as if they possess free will. We dont see ourselves as being robots were we are being told how to function, but we like to believe that we are autonomous. We are able to freely choose what path we would like to take without any external factors influencing our decisions. However, it could be claimed that we are affected by the domino effect, our feelings effect our motives, which then effect our actions and so on, so technically we are always being influenced by something rather than being totally autonomous. Skinner explores this area of argument in later chapters with his behavioural studies. Foot explains, our actions may be determined by our past motives, feelings, or desires, but that doesnt necessarily prove that humanity has been pre-determined from the beginning of the universe. Foot comes to this conclusion because an action said to be determined by the desires of the man who does it is not necessarily an action for which there is supposed to be a suffic ient condition. In saying that it is determined by his desires we may mean merely that he is doing something that he wants to do, or that he is doing it for the sake of something else that he wants. There is nothing in this to suggest determinism  [4]  . Jean- Paul Sartre has an interesting view of human freedom; he argues that human actions usually tend to be something new, something they have never done before, a new experience. They think about going from present, to think about future actions that do not yet exist. Sartre argues that in this sense, humans are capable of standing part from the world, they are conceived and moved by the future that they see which does not exist yet. Sartre states that human-reality is free becauseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is perpetually wrenched away from itself and because it has been separated by a nothingness from what it is and from what it will beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦freedom is precisely the nothingness which is made to be at the heart of man and which forced human reality to make itself instead of to simply be  [5]  . Although we may believe this is true, every action we tend to take is a new experience. But this new experience has to have been brought on by past experiences; it cant just be a random a ct that has never been thought about before. Such as, I want to go on holiday to America. A new experience, I have never been there before. But at some point in my life, past experiences have led me to come to this conclusion of wanting to go to America. Whether relatives have gone before, or someone has recommended it to me. A random thought cannot just appear in our heads, it had to be brought on by past acts/experiences. Therefore, we are under the illusion that we are free, but actually looking beyond the illusion, we see that in reality we are determined in some way or another; environment, heredity, experiences etc. Hard Determinism/ Causality However, determinism stands at the opposite end to free will. Determinism states that every event in humanity; decisions, actions, feelings is a consequence of state of affairs. Therefore, we are unable to be autonomous in our actions. Determinism can be placed into two different categories; Hard and Soft determinism. The basic outline of hard determinism is that humans have no free will. This is an incompatible position that both free will and determinism cannot exist. But this raises issues; if hard determinism is true then no one can possible be responsible for their actions? This is my area of investigation which will be explained later in more depth. Hard determinism holds 3 theses; 1) free will is incompatible with determinism and 2) free will (in an incompatible sense) does not exist because 3) determinism is true  [6]  . Hard determinism leaves no room for decisions and choice, as our lives have been determined for us. We may believe that we have choices and free will, but this is an illusion. Determinism lies within the idea of reductio: every action or event is the strict effect of a cause, and because this cause is itself the necessary effect of a previous cause, and convincing explanation requires a return to the very first cause, in other words the prime mover. Whatever its nature   [7]  . Determinism/Causality is the relationship between cause and effect. It is the thesis that every event is causally determined by previous events in accordance with laws of nature . It is a view that mankind has a say in determining its fate and choices of the agents future. If the agent was free to choose otherwise, then they must be free. They had the decision and to choose otherwise, but also the natural laws is unable to change. The past is fixed and out of anyones control, to say that if I had done that, the past would have been different (natural laws would have been different). However, the past cannot be changed, and therefore we are not free to choose, as we are always been influenced, determined by our past and natural laws. Determinism is what I shall be arguing for; we are able to hold full moral responsibility through determinism, which again will be explained in later chapters. Soft determinism Soft determinism differs from hard determinism. Hard determinism is one strict belief that free will cannot exist, but we are totally determined in our ways. Our choices, decisions, desire have all been determined for us, we are unable to prevent or change these. However, soft determinism is the belief that determinism and free will are compatible with one another. It is possible to believe in both without them conflicting. Compatibilists believe that it is possible to believe in both determinism and free will without being logically inconsistent. Freedom can be present or absent in situations; its about acting free in according to ones determined motives. Augustine and Hume have different ideas on their view of soft determinism, but yet still sum up the same conclusion that both determinism and free will are compatible. Augustine is a soft determinism but is also referred as a compatibilist too; we are still determined but nonetheless we are also free. Augustine is a prime philosopher of soft determinism, although his determined differs as he follows the route of theological soft determinism; events are caused by a higher power, known as God, yet we still obtain free will. St Augustine argued that just because God is omniscient does not mean that we do not have free will. God has foreknowledge of our choices and the decisions we will make. This does not mean man doesnt make decisions freely; rather it emphasizes Gods omnipotence. Augustine argued for three type of events; those that appear to be caused by chance, those caused by God (such as birth and death), and those caused by us (whether or not we take the decision to lead a morally good life). Whereas Hume didnt believe there was a higher power affecting agents, but believed that soft determinism operates through the mind and allows for flexible response. But it is still deterministic, because the way the various circumstances that constitute moral causes operate is to establish a set of motives or reasons that render a peculiar set of manners habitual  [8]  . What he means by this view is that soft determinism is about human nature that our morals sentiments are aroused by the characters of agents; where he claims that nature has made the minds of all people similar in their feelings and operations  [9]  . Soft determinism overall is belief in both determinism in some aspect, and a belief that we still hold free will. They still hold the view of universal causation (hard determinism), that everything is caused by a series of casual events. But it is also possible to hold freedom too, such as we are able to be moral responsible agents. One is able to act in accorda nce with ones nature, which has been determined by factors such as heredity, family or the environment. We have now distinguished what we mean by free will, and the different aspects of determinism. In order to answer this research question to find out whether moral responsibility can exist through determinism, we must first prove that free will is an illusion; which is my next chapter. Free will and determinism compatible? Free will and determinism collide with one another. My aim in this chapter is to conclude that free will is an illusion; it is unable to be compatible with determinism. My reason for arguing that free will is an illusion is so I am able to investigate whether it is possible for determinism alone (hard determinism) is able to be compatible with moral responsibility. As agents, do we have we the right to take praise and punishment, if our actions that we act upon werent our choice? However, I first have to disprove free will existing. As Kane states, we would like to believe that we feel it is up to us what we choose and how we act; this means we could have chosen or acted otherwise  [10]  . But is this the case? My argument is that agents are unable to act otherwise, as there is always an influence of determinism which limits their choices and decisions. I shall be exploring arguments from a free will view, but defending the determinism approach by claiming we are misled to believ e that we have free will, it is an illusion. In Kants critique of Practical Reason and Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals he argues that we must admit that we are free, otherwise morality cannot exist. Reconstruction of Kants main argument of free will goes as follows; 1) we accept morality on intuitive grounds. 2) Morality implies rationality. 3) Rationality implies free will. 4) Therefore we conclude we have free will  [11]  . In order for us to maintain morality as agents we must also maintain free will. Kant argues that; Firstly, morality involves a law-a moral law-that commands me to act in a certain way. Secondly, this moral law is universal in that we conceive of it as binding on everyone without exception. Since that moral law binds everyone, I cannot, or at least ought not to, excuse myself or a friend for any crime. Evidently, then, morality as a moral law, and indeed, the moral law, is an imperative in that it demands something of every person, and in particular, each persons will  [12]  . Moral law according to Kant is an act in accordance with the demands of practical reason, it is a categorical imperative (commands us to act in accordance to reason) rather than a hypothetical imperative (action required for a personal motive or desire). Our rationality needs to come from both reason and morality; we can use a priori reason to derive necessary actions or duties, the basis on which we are to act, from one of the several formulations of the categorical imperative  [13]  . Kant defends his claim that rationality implies freedom. This is because; rationality must appoint rules of both reason and morality. The categorical imperative as an imperative of rationality gives us a command to act in a certain way. It acknowledges us to use our priori reason in order to come to a conclusion of our actions and duties on what we act upon. Kant claims that of these formulations, the one that accords best with the conception of freedom is the formula of autonomy  [14]  . Acco rding to this formula, it means that the categorical imperative instructs the Will to act in a way that it both legislates law for itself, and at the same time subjects to those same laws. But these laws must conform to reason and reason is universal to every rational being. Therefore, Kant concludes that when the will acts accordance to this formula of autonomy, it is the autonomous will  [15]  , resulting that we must be free as rational beings. However, Spinoza flaws Kants argument; rationalism takes place the most strict identity between cause, reason and nature in which cause is the same thing as reason, reason is the same thing as cause, and cause is the same thing as a necessary causality or determinism. From a given determinate cause there necessarily follows an effect  [16]  . This results in the opposite of Kantian approach, as rationality is incompatible with freedom. This is because determinism results in the same causes producing the same effects, like a chain. Instead of looking at a philosophical approach on free will and determinism, lets take a look at the psychological approach too. Such as B.F Skinner, instead of using analogies Skinner uses hard and reliable evidence of studies and experiments to conclude that we are determined as humans. Skinner was a psychologist but also a very important proponent when it came to the debate of free will and determinism, he was well known for his behaviourist approach. Skinner stands as a hard determinist by stating that; If we are to use the methods of science in the field of human affairs, we must assume that behaviour is lawful and determined. We must expect to discover that what a man does is the result of specifiable conditions and that once these conditions have been discovered, we can anticipate and to some extent determine his actions  [17]  . Skinners system was based on operant conditioning, where an agents behaviour is modified by its consequences such as reward and punishment. Rather than our free will of choice and desire, we are instead determined or conditioned by our environment. Skinners aim of operant conditioning was to prove that our past experience does determine our actions in the future. If an individual finds something pleasant from their past experience, then their behaviour is likely to be repeated in the future. And vice versa- if the behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence then it is unlikely the individual would not repeat it- this is known as Law of effect. In order to prove his hypothesis of determinism skinner used an experiment called the skinner box. The Skinner box was created in order for an animal in the box to manipulate a lever that they can press to access food or water- a type of reinforcement. There was a light on the lever, and only when the light was on the food would be real ised by pressing the lever. Through this form of learning the animal was able to realise that the lever they pressed released food when the light was on rather than off, therefore the likelihood was the behaviour of the animal would repeat when the light was on, as it was a positive reinforcement. The animal learnt that the lever would not release any food if the light was off. Skinner relates this to our physical and social environment- the idea that we learn from our behaviour. When we find a positive consequence, we will repeat the behaviour, a negative response, we wont repeat the behaviour. For example, we learn from our peers when the best time is to ask them for a favour. If they are miserable, you know not too. But if they are cheerful you know that is the best time. The reason for this is because we have learnt from our past experience. We have learnt that persons facial expression and emotions when the best time is to ask for a favour wanting a positive reinforcement. Skin ner also gives different scenarios in which we learn from past experience which now determined our behaviour today; you also know that your professors are more likely to respond to your raising your hand if they are facing you than if their backs are turned. A green traffic light, another type of discriminative stimulus, signal that driving though an intersection is likely to be reinforced by a safe passage  [18]  . Skinners studies shows that we are affected as humans by our past experiences, through reward and punishment, bad and good affects. But these past experiences now determine us as agents, they are constantly influencing us in what we do. The past cannot be escaped and no matter how much someone claims they have free will they will constantly by determined by early/past experiences. We can never be totally free in choice or decision making, it is impossible. However, Kane recognises this conflict that Skinner picks up on. That we cannot be free because we are always being influenced by external factors, such as heredity, our environment and past experiences. Therefore, to defend the libertarian approach Kane forwards an example linked to B.F Skinner. Suppose a young man is on trial for an assault and robbery in which his victim was beaten to death. Let us say we attend his trail and listen to the evidence in the courtroom. At first, our thoughts of the young man are filled with anger and resentmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But as we listen daily to how he came to have the mean character and perverse motives he did have-parental neglect, child abuse, sexual abuse, bad role models- some of our resentment against the young man is shifted over to the parentsWe wonder whether some residual responsibility may not belong to him. Was he determined this way through his upbringing and environment, or was his choice totally free? Kane would claim he was total ly free in his decision making, with no influence or deterministic route. To explore the understanding of free will and Skinners claim more Kane elaborates on the idea of garden of forking paths. To illustrate suppose Jane has just graduated from Law school and she has a choice between joining a law firm in Chicago or a different firm in New York. If Jane believes her choice is a free choice (made of her own free will) she must believe both options are open to her while she is deliberating  [19]  . Therefore, there is more than one path available to her in her future and she believes this choice is entirely her own free will. We can see how determinism threatens the picture of free will but Kane carries on to defends the libertarian view; if we stopped believing in free will then we would lose our sense of morality/ responsibility so free will must exist. But we cant just claim we have free will because we are under the illusion we have more than one choice. There could be a mil lion choices, but the matter of the fact is only one of those choices is going to happen because we are determined. We are unable to choose otherwise. However, it could be argued that our reasoning is just an illusion. We like to believe we have a choice and be able to reason in situations, but it is possible that we have been pre-determined to make choices, but we just reason because we like to believe we are free. Its an illusion. We could deny determinism throughout our past and present future, but it doesnt mean we are not pre-determined. Pereboom reacts to Kanes argument and re-examines the libertarianism arguments. He argues that event-causal libertarianism cannot secure responsibility-conferring control  [20]  . He proves this through his own analogy. A business woman; Anne, who is in a dilemma to either decide to stop and help an assault victim, or she can refrain from so deciding. Pereboom argues that relevant causal conditions antecedent to this decision-agent-involving event, or, alternatively, states of agents-would leave it open whether this decision would occur, and she has no further causal role of the antecedent conditions already given, whether the decision occurs or not then settled by anything about the agent- whether it be states or events in which the agent is involved, or the agent herself  [21]  . Perebooms argument is that the agent has limited control required for her to be morally responsible. She cannot choose, nor have the desire to act upon this situation by helping the assault victim. She has no choose to do otherwise, and free will collides with this. Schopenhauer- Schopenhauer expressed that every man, being what he is and placed in the circumstances which for the moment obtainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can absolutely never do anything else than just what at that moment he does do. Accordingly, the whole course of a mans life, in all its incidents great and smell, is as necessarily predetermined as the course of a clock  [22]  . A man is able to desire what one wants to do, but his actions are predetermined for him, and isnt able to choose otherwise. To explain this, Schopenhauer implies that determinism relies on two factors of an agent; their motive and their character. Our motive is causality that passes through our cognitive side; ones attention, memory, their reason. And a situation that happens at a particular time in particular circumstances depresses the switch on the detonator causing the explosion. This presupposes the nature of electricity and of the materials used for combustion  [23]  . Another word, motivation from ones action is roo ted from their personal character. This is known as their nature of the will. But what makes an agent determined, Schopenhauer explains is a reaction to the same motive will always differ in every individual. This alternatively makes up their individuality of their character. Schopenhauer calls this the empirical character as it is by its means that the way in which various motives affect the given man is determined  [24]  . An individuals character, their mental and physical attribute is constant throughout their life, no matter what it is always immutable. On looking back over our past, we see at once that our life consists of mere variations on one and the same theme, namely our character, and that the same fundamental bass sounds through it all. This is an experience a man can and must make in and by himself  [25]  . It could be argued that one is always changing, their character, and their physical and mental individuality. But no matter what we adapt to, or change our views, our character is always constant throughout our life because it roots back to our motive, which is our character. It is clear that free will is a weak position, and it could be claimed it is an illusion. Determinism can follow off into many routes, as Skinner has proved- a psychological approach, and Schopenhauer through an approach of our character and motive. But it is clear that determinism holds a very strong stance. Kane recognises the conflict of determinism and free will, but doesnt do much to hold his argument. To claim that just because we feel we can debate about a choice, and we think we can do otherwise does not prove we have free will. Its an illusion that we think is happening, but in reality, we have been determined. As Skinner and Schopenhauer have proved, our environmental, and character determined who we are today and who we will be. Now we have proved free will to be an illusion, this raises another issue. If we are totally determined in our actions then how are we expected to take full responsibility for our actions. If our actions have been pre-determined from the beginning of the universe, or through our character of environmental basis, then how could we possibly take responsibility for our actions? We have no freedom in choosing our actions, therefore why shall we be punished for them? Is Determinism/ Causal determinism compatible with moral responsibility? After establishing that the libertarianism view cannot exist, the deterministic route now has to be examined in more depth. Free will is an illusion, admitting this means everything is determined; either through a theological, psychological, behaviour or environmental path. But this raises a significant and relevant issue within philosophy which has been evolved for many centuries; can moral responsibility exist if everything has been determined? How can we claim we have responsibility or take responsibility for our actions e.g. punishment and reward, if we have been determined this way as an individual? Firstly I shall be exploring what I actually mean by moral responsibility so the argument is more specific and clear. Then I shall be deepening my argument to see whether hard determinism can exist with full responsibility of our actions; concluding that through the hard deterministic route it is possible to have full moral responsibility. Defining moral responsibility and determinism Concentrating on the issue of moral responsibility, I first have to define what I mean by this. Moral responsibility refers to whether an individual holds full responsibility of their actions and morals they act upon. As Pereboom explains the term meaning for an agent to be morally responsible for an action is for it to belong to her in such a way that she would deserve blame is she understood that it was morally wrong, and she would deserve credit or perhaps praise is she understood that it was morally exemplary  [26]  . If we take to definition of moral responsibility and link it with determinism (holding that determinism is true and in no form can be compatible with free will) we now start to build an argument. If our lives our determined for us, then why are we held responsible for our actions if our actions are not a choice we can make, they cant be prevented or chosen. Can moral responsibility exist? Ogletree and Oberle examine whether we have the right to hold individuals responsible for their actions; blame and punish them, if they could not have done otherwise. In a research study by Nahmias, Morris, Nadelhoffer and Turner (2005); examining peoples thoughts on moral

Essay --

Joseph J. Ellis is a known historian of early American history, and an award-winning author. In 2001, he won the Pulitzer Prize in History for his book Founding Brothers. Ellis has authored several other history books about the Revolutionary generation, including: The Character and Legacy of John Adams; American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic; His Excellency: George Washington; and many more. Ellis earned his B.A. from the College of William and Mary in 1965. He then received a Master of Arts, a Master of Philosophy, and a PhD from Yale University. Ellis is also a regular contributor to several notable publications including The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The New Yorker. His Excellency: George Washington was published in 2004, Ellis intended to seek the major periods of Washington's life in order to offer a profile of the man "first in War, first in Peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Ellis sta tes that his goal in writing His Excellency was to not produce a work that examined not George Washington's life, but his personality and how his life shaped it. Ellis focuses on very specific questions here, namely how George Washington’s character influenced his public decisions, and how he came to be the symbol of not just American leadership but, earlier, of the entire Revolutionary cause. He traces Washington's life from his youthful, energetic, impulsive military decisions and a string of near-catastrophic mistakes, to his later, steady leadership of the fledgling American republic. Ellis demonstrates the parts of Washington's character such as his ability to turn down offered powers, which then he turns into not just his own personal success bu... ...uccessful in his initial strategy for the War of Independence, losing almost every engagement fought against the British and their Prussian allies. He serves throughout the entire war unharmed by bullet, blade, or bomb, seemingly lucky or perhaps protected by divine providence. The colonists are joined by France and win a critical battle at Saratoga, New York. Overall 8 long years would pass and the Continental Army would suffer from disease (smallpox), lack of supplies, low morale, and no pay before finally striking the winning blow at Yorktown, Virginia against General Cornwallis. Washington, weary and much aged from the years of battles and deprivation, he then â€Å"retired† to his landholdings and slave labor estates. Despite his previous withdrawal from public life Washington accepts the Presidency when elected and cements his legacy as the â€Å"father of our country.†

illegal :: essays research papers

Insider Trading "Insider trading" is a term that most investors have heard and usually associate with illegal conduct. But the term actually includes both legal and illegal conduct. The legal version is when corporate insiders—officers, directors, and employees—buy and sell stock in their own companies. When corporate insiders trade in their own securities, they must report their trades to the SEC. For more information about this type of insider trading and the reports insiders must file, please read "Forms 3, 4, 5" in our Fast Answers databank. Illegal insider trading refers generally to buying or selling a security, in breach of a fiduciary duty or other relationship of trust and confidence, while in possession of material, nonpublic information about the security. Insider trading violations may also include "tipping" such information, securities trading by the person "tipped," and securities trading by those who misappropriate such information. Examples of insider trading cases that have been brought by the SEC are cases against: Corporate officers, directors, and employees who traded the corporation's securities after learning of significant, confidential corporate developments; Friends, business associates, family members, and other "tippees" of such officers, directors, and employees, who traded the securities after receiving such information; Employees of law, banking, brokerage and printing firms who were given such information to provide services to the corporation whose securities they traded; Government employees who learned of such information because of their employment by the government; and Other persons who misappropriated, and took advantage of, confidential information from their employers. Because insider trading undermines investor confidence in the fairness and integrity of the securities markets, the SEC has treated the detection and prosecution of insider trading violations as one of its enforcement priorities. The SEC adopted new Rules 10b5-1 and 10b5-2 to resolve two insider trading issues where the courts have disagreed. Rule 10b5-1 provides that a person trades on the basis of material nonpublic information if a trader is "aware" of the material nonpublic information when making the purchase or sale. The rule also sets forth several affirmative defenses or exceptions to liability. The rule

interculturalo event :: essays research papers

1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe the event, its purpose, the cultural group originating the event, and how you learned of the event. Believe it or not,(like everything else I’ve written about in this course) my cultural event was Italian/American in nature. The event in question was the marriage of an American groom and an Italian bride. The bride’s family consisted, in large part, of grandparents and older relatives that had been born and raised in Italy. Obviously the younger relatives were primarily second and third generation Italians as well. The groom and his family, on the other hand, were American mutts. Their cultural background was extremely diluted, consisting of a multitude of cultural circumstances. Seeing as the American groom (Richard) proposed, I suppose the origin of the event could be considered American, although without the consent of the Italian bride (Tessa), there would be no wedding, so let’s call it Italian/American in origin. My wife and I were invited to attend the wedding by her great-aunt, who comes from the Italian side of the union. 2) What element(s), if any, is/are similar in your culture? For the most part the wedding was just like any other American wedding. During the ceremony a couple of symbolic and superstitious traditions similar to American traditions were performed. First, whereas in American culture superstition dictates that the bride must have â€Å"something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue†, the Italian groom carried a piece of metal in his suit pocket to ward off evil eyes. I found the second action, one of symbolic nature, a bit odd. In American culture, couples frequently light unity candles to symbolize their lifetime union of happiness. The symbolic gesture in this wedding was a bit different though. The newly married couple smashed a vase, with the remaining pieces representing the number of years the couple is expected to be happily married. I found this act kind of strange. Suppose the vase only broke into two or three pieces (it didn’t, it shattered into hundreds). Such an occurrence would seem certain to dampe n the enthusiasm for a superstitious couple. Aside from a couple of exceptions, the rest of the wedding was similar to any other wedding, with a buffet of food, cash bar, and a D.J. spinning records (or cd’s, as the case may be). 3) What did you see and experience at this event that made you feel confident you understood accurately?

Aeeta Riddles

The first one was written by the Etas language and followed by an English translation. The answer key follows: 1. Multimedia It wears a crown but isn't a queen It has scales but isn't a fish. 2 . Cassini nag pià ±atas in Pap Nag mismanage you lulu an? There Is a cave with a bolo In It Full of bones It Isn't a grave. 3. Ajar Tanganyika nag nick Away Piccalilli. When you cut it It is mended without a scar. 4. Appeal Gait Awn an did maillot. The thigh of Gatherer all scrape at. 5. Bulgarian aka Agenda Lilliputian mammal. Black stone at Agenda, surrounded by little fishes. 1 OFFThis creature never leaves unless he brings his home. 7. Nu baby ay canvassing; nu areola ay mammalian. It is noisy when shallow, and silent when deep. 8. Nu Babylonian ay embedded. If I open it, it gossips. 9. You Anza y gaff an capacity an nanas. The child is the cause of his mother's death. 10. Nu gaff eBay, nu aha totals Sea by night, tube by day. 1 1 . Nu maturated, attendant, nu metadata, phobia. Standing i t is short, sitting it is tall. 12. Ana data sinology name Mikado nu mature. There's a creature that does not close its eyes when asleep. 13. Incur sauna, manmade Anatolia.If he says he goes, he means he comes. 14. Goanna nu using y mama; managerial pay sill y mina. If you pull your daddy's penis, your mommy's vagina screams too. 15. Cabana you nag an; nasals-assist you Allan an. Inside is full of stones, outside is full of thorns. 16. Titian is canny; dude meme Maida-tit. You stare at it often, yet you never have seen it. 17. Citation SE gaffing; Inca SE anion. Come now, it is dark; go now, it's dawn. 18. Immaculate-latte, mean macaroon. It Jumps and Jumps but cannot move out of its place. 19. Nu manure ay mallow, nu unanimous ay maybug.If it comes it's slow, if it goes up, it's fast. 20. Asana way packet data queue lag. 21 . Is like a managing, ambulated; cabling cue managing, amphibians. Before meals, I am full, after meals I am hungry. ANSWERS 1. Pippin (Pineapple) Simi ( Mouth) 2. 3. Datum (Water) 4. Honey 5. Mortar 6. Adage (turtle) mahatma (river) 7. 8. Bionic (fan) 9. Baht (bananas) 10. AFC (mat) 11. Tat (dog) 12. Durum (grasshopper) 13. Load (shrimp) 14. Company (bell) 15. Imaging Kiwifruit) 16. Sinai (sun) sawing (window) 17. Making (sewing machine) 18. 19. Duggan (booger) 20. Cop (cup) 21 . Caldera (kettle, pot) 1.Mandamuses A instantiating. There is a cave with a bolo in it Full of bones it isn't a grave. Away piccalilli. The thigh of Gait, where all scrape at. 6. Ion sinology, name manna nu name, pan ion bally an. There's a creature that does not close its eyes when asleep. 13. Incur sauna, gammed Anatolia. If you pull your daddy's penis, your mommy's vagina screams too. Inside is full of stones, outside is full of thorns. 16. Titian is canny; dude meme Maida-tit. It Jumps and Jumps but cannot move out of its place. 19. Nu manure ay mallow, nu unanimous ay maybug. Who is he that has but one ear?

A Study Of Electrical Power Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Electrical power systems include a generating system, a transmittal and distribution system and tonss. Transmission and distribution system is an of import connecting nexus between the majority power bring forthing Stationss and the burden lopes. The coevals workss are usually located in topographic point where the resources are available to bring forth power economically. The recent tendency in power system pattern is to turn up the coevals workss off from the to a great extent populated countries. The power is so transmitted to the burden by transmittal lines and distribution webs. Transmission is made of a high electromotive force web, by and large 110 – 765 kilovolt Ac. The higher the electromotive force degree of a transmittal line, the lower is the transmittal power loss. However, the electromotive force bounds for the transmittal line electromotive forces are set by insularity and protective devices. The standard transmittal line electromotive forces depend upon the state and they are: 765, 550, 500, 400, 345, 275, 230, 169, 145, 132, 110, 66, 33 kilovolt. The electromotive forces in the scope of 345 – 765 kilovolts are classified as excess high electromotive force ( EHV ) . The electromotive forces above 765 kilovolts are considered as extremist high electromotive forces ( UHV ) . Presently, the UHV systems, at 1000- , 1500- , 2250- kilovolt electromotive force degrees are in research phase. Point to indicate transmittal is, some clip, preferred by HVDC. The electromotive force degrees used for HVDC power transmittal are: 250 kilovolt, 400 kilovolt, 500 kilovolt and 550 kilovolt. Higher District of Columbia electromotive forces are being planned. National Grid Malaysia is the chief electricity transmittal web associating the electricity coevals, transmittal, distribution and ingestion in Malaysia. It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad ( TNB ) . The transmittal line electromotive forces for Malaysia are runing at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV. Other than grid system, Malaysia besides has a High Voltage Direct Current Transmission line where the 300 MW Thailand – Malaysia HVDC interconnectedness system consists of Khlong Ngae convertor station on the Thai boundary line and Gurun convertor station on the Malaysia boundary line. Both Stationss are linked by a 300 KV DC overhead transmittal line of 110 kilometer. EGAT ‘s Khlong Ngae convertor station is situated at Sadao territory in Southern Songkhla state, approximately 24 km.from Thai-Malaysia boundary line. TNB ‘s Gurun convertor station is located in Kedah, approximately 86 kilometers. from Malaysia ‘s northern boundary line. Malaysia will purchase electricity during the twenty-four hours clip for our commercial use which is Malaysia ‘s Peak use and Thailand will purchase during the eventide boulder clay tardily dark where their use is at the extremum. History of Use In the early yearss of commercial usage of electric power, transmittal of electric power at the same electromotive force as used by illuming and mechanical tonss restricted the distance between bring forthing works and consumers. Originally coevals was with direct current, which could non easy be increased in electromotive force for long-distance transmittal. Different categories of tonss, for illustration, illuming, fixed motors and grip ( railroad ) systems, required different electromotive forces and so used different generators and circuits. The alleged â€Å" cosmopolitan system † used transformers both to twosome generators to high-potential transmittal lines, and to link transmittal to local distribution circuits. By a suited pick of public-service corporation frequence, both illuming and motor tonss could be served. Rotary convertors and subsequently mercury-arc valves and other rectifier equipment allowed DC burden to be served by local transition where needed. Even bring forthing Stationss and tonss utilizing different frequences could besides be interconnected utilizing rotary convertors. By utilizing common bring forthing workss for every type of burden, of import economic systems of graduated table were achieved, lower overall capital investing was required, load factor on each works was increased leting for higher efficiency, leting for a lower cost of energy to the consumer and increased overall usage of electric power. By leting multiple bring forthing workss to be interconnected over a broad country, electricity production cost was reduced. The most efficient available workss could be used to provide the varying loads during the twenty-four hours. Reliability was improved and capital investing cost was reduced, since stand-by bring forthing capacity could be shared over many more clients and a wider geographic country. Remote and low-priced beginnings of energy, such as hydroelectric power or mine-mouth coal, could be exploited to take down energy production cost. The first transmittal of three-phase jumping current utilizing high electromotive force took topographic point in 1891 during the international electricity exhibition in Frankfurt. A 25 kilovolt transmittal line, about 175 kilometers long, connected Lauffen on the Neckar and Frankfurt. Voltages used for electric power transmittal increased throughout the twentieth century. By 1914 55 transmittal systems runing at more than 70,000 V were in service, the highest electromotive force so used was 150,000 Vs. The first three-phase jumping current power transmittal at 110 kilovolts took topographic point in 1912 between Lauchhammer and Riesa, Germany. On April 17, 1929 the first 220 kilovolt line in Germany was completed, running from Brauweiler near Cologne, over Kelsterbach near Frankfurt, Rheinau near Mannheim, Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck near Austria. The masts of this line were designed for eventual ascent to 380 kilovolt. However the first transmittal at 380 kilovolt in Germany was on October 5, 1957 between the substations in Rommerskirchen and Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck. In 1967 the first extra-high-voltage transmittal at 735 kilovolts took topographic point on a Hydro-Quebec transmittal line. In 1982 the first transmittal at 1200 kilovolt was in the Soviet Union. The rapid industrialisation in the twentieth century made electrical transmittal lines and grids a critical portion of the economic substructure in most industrialised states. Interconnection of local coevals workss and little distribution webs was greatly spurred by the demands of World War I, where big electrical generating workss were built by authoritiess to supply power to weaponries mills ; subsequently these workss were connected to provide civil burden through long-distance transmittal. Small municipal electrical public-service corporations did non needfully want to cut down the cost of each unit of electricity sold ; to some extent, particularly during the period 1880-1890, electrical lighting was considered a luxury merchandise and electric power was non substituted for steam power. Engineers such as Samuel Insull in the United States and Sebastian Z. De Ferranti in the United Kingdom were instrumental in get the better ofing proficient, economic, regulative and political troubles in development of long-distance electric power transmittal. By debut of electric power transmittal webs, in the metropolis of London the cost of a kilowatt hr was reduced to tierce in a ten-year period. In 1926 electrical webs in the United Kingdom began to be interconnected in the National Grid, ab initio runing at 132,000 Vs. Hazard Posed by High Voltage Power Lines Electrical jeopardies The hovering electric and magnetic Fieldss in electromagnetic radiation will bring on an electric current in any music director through which it passes. Strong radiation can bring on current capable of presenting an electric daze to individuals or animate beings. It can besides overload and destruct electrical equipment. 3.1.1 Electrocution Hazards Working Near Overhead Power Lines Most overhead power lines are n ot insulated.Activities conducted near overhead powerlines such as: threading communicating wiring ; raising antenna masts ; mounting in trees and onto edifices ; and utilizing portable metal ladder presents a existent danger Fire jeopardies Highly high power electromagnetic radiation can do electric currents strong plenty to make flickers when an induced electromotive force exceeds the breakdown electromotive force of the environing medium. These flickers can so light flammable stuffs or gases, perchance taking to an detonation. This can be a peculiar jeopardy in the locality of explosives or pyrotechnics, since an electrical overload might light them. This hazard is normally referred to as RadHaz or HERO ( Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance ) . Biological jeopardies The best understood biological consequence of electromagnetic Fieldss is to do dielectric warming. For illustration, touching an aerial while a sender is in operation can do terrible Burnss. This warming consequence varies with the frequence of the electromagnetic energy. The eyes are peculiarly vulnerable to RF energy in the microwave scope, and prolonged exposure to microwaves can take to cataracts. Each frequence in the electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed by populating tissue at a different rate, called the specific soaking up rate or SAR, which has units of Watts per kg ( W/kg ) . The IEEE and many national authoritiess have established safety bounds for exposure to assorted frequences of electromagnetic energy based on SAR. There are publications which support the being of complex biological effects of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic Fieldss, including weak ELF magnetic Fieldss and modulated RF and micro-cook Fieldss. Cardinal mechanisms of the interaction between biological stuff and electromagnetic Fieldss at non-thermal degrees are non to the full understood.. Environmental effects from transmittal lines can be found merely near to the line. Biological effects from electrical and magnetic Fieldss around the line have been intensively discussed during the last twosome of old ages. 3.4 Health Effectss Certain research surveies show fringy inauspicious wellness effects on human existences. Other surveies do non corroborate these effects. 3.5 Pollutant aerosols under high Voltage Power Lines A probe of theoretically and by experimentation conducted at H.H Wills Physics Laboratory University of Bristol to measure the increased exposure to airborne pollutants near power lines. Harmonizing to Fews ( 1999 ) , exposures were carried out at different power line location in assorted conditions conditions and the exposure are taken along a line at a right angles up to 200m from a figure of high electromotive force power transmittal line. The consequence of the theoretical account predicts a two of three fold addition in deposition of aerosols on spherical surfaces miming the human caput under high electromotive force lines. This status applies when pesticides or other chemical are sprayed below the power line, the aerosols conditions will formed and do more risky conditions. 3.6 Vehicles As referred to Bonneville Power Portland, vehicles parked under some high electromotive forces lines, vehicles can be roll up an induced electromotive force if the vehicle is parked on a nonconducting surface such as asphalt or dry lock. It will make flickers or worst electricity in your auto as it is non grounded. A individual will be electrocuted, when he or she is used as a music director to anchor the electromotive force induced. 3. 7 Lightning Lightning will normally strike the highest nearby object, which might be a power line tower or wire. Transmission facilitates are designed to defy lightning work stoppages by imparting them to land at the tower. Death can happen as a individual ‘s organic structure provides a way for current flow doing tissue harm and bosom failure. Other hurts can include Burnss from the discharge generated by the inadvertent contact. These can be particularly unsafe if the victims air passages are affected. Injuries may besides be suffered as a consequence of the physical forces exerted as people may fall from tallness or be thrown considerable distance. 3.8 Tall objects Tall object such as trees and turning flora at high electromotive force lines is risky at 2 facets. First is the semen in contact with the a transmittal line will take to closing down that line and upset the flow of electricity. Second trees and flora can carry on electricity, a state of affairs that can endanger people around the country, animate beings and belongings. The trees can basically go electrified and injured people touches it and might wound or even kill the individual. Electricity can even leap or curve from the transmittal line up to 15 pess off between the power lines and flora. For this intent a 25 pess safety zone is implemented by Bonneville Power ( 2008 ) utilizing the article â€Å" Keeping the manner clear for safe and dependable service † Malaysia as equator and tropical conditions is full of Vegetation and trees in the surrounding of the transmittal lines. Therefore this is really risky in the Malaysia evidences. 3.9 Trespassing Trespassing and hooliganism have been one of the chief issues in Malaysia where 1000000s of ringgit needed to replace and mend the amendss cause by unwanted activities mentioned. Steel beam and other parts of the tower and transmittal lines were taken down by larceny has been a really alarming. 3.10 Pools /Water Pools or pools should be situated near or under the transmittal line because it impedes the workers abilities to run and keep the power lines and presents a possible safety jeopardies to the populace. The jeopardy scope from possible electrical contact with the iwres to dangers that can be brushs during and after lightning work stoppage on transmittal installations. These conditions could be seen at the transmittal lines across paddy Fieldss at the province of KEDAH. Reason why High Voltage Power Line is Still Use Most of the high electromotive force power line usage overhead lines, but the power distribution within the metropolis or crowded topographic points is done utilizing belowground overseas telegrams. Less than one per centum of the entire transmittal lines are placed underground. Although belowground ac transmittal would show a solution to the environmental and aesthetic jobs involved in overhead lines, there are proficient and economical grounds that make the usage of belowground Ac transmittal prohibitive. For low electromotive force distribution applications there are no proficient jobs in utilizing overseas telegrams. The aesthetic and safety demands override the economical considerations in most of the distribution systems and therefore the belowground overseas telegrams are constantly used. High electromotive force power line building is much less expensive than belowground transmittal. Bare wires are used in overhead lines with insularity employed at the points that the wire is supported. Wood or galvanized steel towers are used to back up the music directors. The dielectrics at the music director support points are normally ball and socket porcelain or fiberglass rods covered with skirts made of a compound similar to silicon gum elastic. Lines are good protected against lightning with lightning arresters and shield wires. Bundled music directors are used for 230 kilovolts and above to cut down line reactance and corona effects. There is a trade off between the line losingss and the cost of building the line. Lowering the I2R losingss normally means larger music directors at higher electromotive force operation. This increases the cost of music directors and back uping tower cost. Therefore, the decrease in line loss must be carefully weighed against increased cost. Underground lines are most normally used to feed urban substations in high burden denseness countries. The highest belowground transmittal line electromotive force is 525 kilovolt. Since the cost of an belowground line is 9 to 15 times the cost of an overhead line they are installed merely when they offer a clear advantage or there is no option. The grounds for the high cost are: EHV insularity is expensive. The overseas telegrams must be installed in pipes made of steel or bronze which is dearly-won. Proper chilling with oil circulation is required. Difficult to turn up the mistake and expensive to mend. The overseas telegrams are constructed with oil impregnated paper insularity in many beds. The overseas telegram has a coiling metal wire lesion around the exterior of the insularity to forestall harm to the overseas telegrams while puting. The full overseas telegram is covered with a thin lead sheath that keeps the oil impregnation in the insularity. After the overseas telegram is installed, the pipe is filled with oil. The oil is pumped through the pipe to chill every bit good as insulate the overseas telegram. The oil circulation system includes pumps, filters and oil armored combat vehicles. Sulpher hexaflouride ( SF6 ) is some times used to insulate belowground transmittal overseas telegrams. The popularity of SF6 is increasing because of its simpleness. The belowground transmittal lines are more dependable if decently installed. Adverse consequence that high electromotive force on homo, animate beings, and environment Consequence on Human The preponderance of grounds shows that the low power low frequence electromagnetic radiation associated with family current is really safe, and no biophysical theories for the induction or publicity of malignant neoplastic disease have been substantiated, some research has implicated exposure in a figure of inauspicious wellness effects. These include, but are non limited to, childhood leukemia ( mentions at a lower place ) , grownup leukemia, and neurodegenerative diseases. 5.1.2. Leukaemia and malignant neoplastic disease Harmonizing to a case-control survey conducted in United Kingdom peculiarly in England and Wales, there is an association between childhood leukemia and propinquity of place reference at birth to high electromotive force power lines and the evident hazard extends to greater distance than would hold been expected. About 4 % of kids in England and Wales live within 600meter of high electromotive force lines at birth. If the association is causal, approximately 1 % of childhood leukemia in England and Wales would be properties to these lines though this estimation has considerable statistical uncertainness. A United Kingdom survey of 29,000 instances of childhood malignant neoplastic disease, including 9700 instances of leukemia, found a rise hazard of childhood leukemia in kids who lived within 200m of high electromotive force lines at birth compared with those who lived beyond 600m. There was besides a rebuff increased hazard for those populating 200-600m from the lines at birth as this further than can readily be explained by magnetic Fieldss it may be due to other aetiological factors associated with power line. Harmonizing to Dr. Paul Vailleneuve of the University of Ottawa finds in survey published in February 2002 that those who were exposed to a moderate 6mG of magnetic Fieldss increased by a factor of 12 their odds of developing an agressive encephalon tumour know as glioblastoma multiforme. The Nipponese National Institute for Environmental Studies and the National Cancer Center, in midterm analysis of a joint three-year study undertaking, have concluded kids who are frequently exposed to such electromagnetic moving ridges, emitted from high-potential power lines and some family contraptions, are on norm more than twice as likely to acquire leukemia than those who are non exposed to EMF. These researches shows an indicant there are hazard involved wellness of the public peculiarly people populating nigh High Voltage Power Lines. The authorities and the govern organic structure should take these status earnestly as it involves human life and besides agonies. 5.1.3 Effect of magnetic field toward melatonin ( Sleeping upset ) Harmonizing to Maisch, Podd and Rapley ( 2002 ) , the research has found changeless exposure of magnetic field to single will do kiping disorder.One possible manner a magnetic field could impact slumber is by impacting the production of melatonin, a endocrine produced by pineal secretory organ. The pineal secretory organ is the major control secretory organ over this rhythm, with melatonin production controlled by signals from postganglionic sympathetic fibers ( nerve cells ) connected to the hormone-producing cell of the pineal gland.The firing rate of the endocrine bring forthing varies from daytime and dark. Melatonin is known for its kiping heightening belongingss to guarantee homo would hold a dormant continuance at dark. Harmonizing to Melatonin Hypothesis: Breast Cancer and Use of Electrical Power ( 1997 ) , electromagnetic spectrum peculiarly seeable scope suppresses melatonin synthesis in the pineal secretory organ of all craniates including adult male. Dr Scott Davis of Fre d Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found the higher magnetic field degrees at dark were associated with significantly lower melatonin degrees. Therefore, the researches had come to a conclusive determination that low frequence Fieldss will make dormant perturbation. 5.1.4 Effect on Pregnant adult females and babies The high electromotive force power lines besides give consequence to the pregnant adult females and her babies. For an illustration a survey by Dr. De-Kun Li ( January 2002 ) shows that, a treble addition in overall self-generated abortions and a sextuple addition in self-generated abortions happening before the tenth hebdomad of gestation is associated with even fleeting exposure to magnetic Fieldss greater than 16 milligram. Similar consequences were found in a separate paper on self-generated abortions prepared for the undertaking by G. M. Lee which is printed in the same issue. Harmonizing to a intelligence study in New Scientist of January 10, 2002, Li ‘s consequences caused a California Health Services section scientist, Raymond Neutra, to review his 1991 survey of 727 adult females. Originally, his group ‘s survey had measured mean magnetic field exposures and with inconclusive consequences. However, when Neutra late reanalyzed the information from his earlier surv ey, he discovered the consequences were similar to Li ‘s. Womans exposed to top out magnetic field degrees greater than 14 milligrams doubled their hazard of abortion over those who had no such exposure. Consequence on the Environment High Voltage Power Lines: Power lines deliver electricity ( normally at 50 or 60 Hz ) and may cross 100s of kilometers. Degrees of electromagnetic Fieldss ( EMF ) from human-made beginnings have increased steadily over the past 50-100 old ages. Most EMF exposures come from increased usage of electricity and new engineerings. In the past decennaries, possible inauspicious effects from EMF exposure on human wellness have been an of import subject of research. However, small has been published about the impact of EMF on the natural terrestrial and aquatic environment. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) is turn toing this issue through the International EMF Project. One of the Project ‘s aims is to supply advice to national governments and others on EMF wellness and environmental effects and protective steps or actions if needed. This information sheet summarizes the current scientific apprehension on the effects of exposure to EMF Fieldss on the life environment, across the electromagnetic spectrum in the frequence scope 0-300 GHz. This scope covers all frequences that are emitted into the environment through usage of EMF engineering. Recommendations are besides given for farther research to make full spreads in cognition needed to better buttocks EMF environmental impacts. Awareness of any environmental impacts of EMF is of import to guarantee the saving of tellurian and marine ecosystems, which form the footing for sustainable development. Protection of the environment and preservation of nature have become affairs of great involvement to the populace, every bit good as to authoritiess. Such involvement is frequently expressed as concern over possible environmental impacts of big engineering undertakings, such as dikes, atomic power workss, and radiofrequency senders. Several undertakings have been capable to public force per unit areas on environmental evidences, with EMF being one but non needfully the lone issue. For illustration, a proposed high frequence ( HF ) wireless sender for the Voice of America in Israel, which would hold been the universe ‘s largest wireless station, was blocked from building on environmental evidences, in portion related to concerns about possible effects of wireless frequence Fieldss on migrating birds. Public concern about environmental exposure to EMF has ranged from claims of decreased milk production in cattles croping under power lines to damage to trees nigh high power radio detection and rangings. Such concerns might besides impact the development of new engineering: several programs have been proposed since the late sixtiess for bring forthing electric power in infinite by revolving arrays of solar panels. Large sums of electricity generated by such solar power orbiters would be transmitted to ample aerials on the land. In add-on to get the better ofing proficient troubles, this and other new engineerings would hold to derive public credence. Consequence on the Animals Most surveies of EMF effects in animate beings have been conducted to look into possible inauspicious wellness effects in worlds. These are normally performed on standard research lab animate beings used in toxicological surveies, e.g. rats and mice, but some surveies have besides included other species such as like short-living flies for the probe of genotoxic effects. The topic of this information sheet, nevertheless, is whether Voltage can hold harmful impacts on species of wild and domestic animate beings. Under consideration are: Speciess, in peculiar certain fish, reptilians, mammals and migratory birds, which rely on the natural ( geomagnetic ) inactive magnetic field as one of a figure of parametric quantities believed to be used for orientation and navigational cues Farm animate beings ( e.g. swine, sheep or cowss ) croping under power lines ( 50/60 Hz ) or in the locality of broadcast medium aerials Flying zoologies, such as birds and insects, this may go through through the chief beam of high power radio-frequency aerials and radio detection and ranging beams or through high strength ELF Fieldss near power lines. Surveies performed to day of the month hold found small grounds of EMF effects on zoologies at degrees below ICNIRP ‘s guideline degrees. In peculiar, there were no inauspicious effects found on cowss croping below power lines. However, it is known that flight public presentation of insects can be impaired in electric Fieldss above 1kV/m, but important effects have merely been shown for bees when electrically conductive urtications are placed straight under power lines. Un-insulated un-earthed music directors placed in an electric field can go charged and cause hurt or interrupt the activity of animate beings, birds and insects.5.0 LEGAL EleCtrical safety REQUIREMENTSUnderstanding the consequence of electrical jeopardies such as decease and devastation of belongings, assorted attempts have been made by the authorities to guarantee the safety of users/workers and the proper use of electricity through statute laws and enforcement. Among the statutory commissariats related to the safety usage of electricity are:Electricity Supply Act 1990Electrical Supply Regulations 1994SIRIM Standards for Electrical EquipmentOoccupational Safety and Health Act 1994 ( OSHA 1994 )Legislation and enforcement of these Acts and Regulations guarantee the safety of users. High electromotive force is defined by the DOE Electrical Safety Guidelines as:Over 600 Vs, but any electromotive force above 50 Vs should be considered life threatening, and treated consequently. Normally high electromotive force circuits and equipment are marked with Hazard Signs. Mentions on High Voltage can be found in: I ) Occupational safety and health administration Defines high electromotive force and lists preparation demands and safe work patterns ( including attack distances ) . two ) NEC NFPA 70 â€Å" National Electrical Code † provides extra information on high electromotive force equipment. three ) OTHER NFPA 70E â€Å" Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee workplaces † provides elaborate safe attack distances for working on high electromotive force equipment. four ) From Electrical Supply Act ( Syarikat Pengganti ) states the distance from the land to the transmittal varies harmonizing to the electromotive force value of the transmittal line. There are three status references from the route, other so the route and the location could non be reached by the route bole. Table 1 Voltage system between the music director On the route ( Meter ) Other than on the route ( Meter ) Location could non reached by the route ( Meter ) Not more than 600 Volts 5.49 5.18 4.57 More than 600 less than 11,000 V 5.79 5.49 4.88 More than 11,000 V less than 66,000 V 6.10 6.10 5.18 More than 66,000 V less than 132,000 V 6.70 6.70 5.79 More than 132,000 V less than 275,000 V 7 7 7 More than 275,000 V 7.3 7.3 7.3 Harmonizing to Strauss and Bernard ( 1991 ) , some of the federal Torahs in United States do non modulate electric and magnetic Fieldss due to public deductions and besides multi billion dollar electricity industries in the States. Some of the new Torahs are non based on scientific dictum about safe degree of magnetic filed exposure but instead on the premise that the position quo is publically acceptable. With this statement, In Malaysian ‘s the ordinances and act on the High Voltage Power Lines are non truly specific and all conditions could be change by the Minister in charge. Decision As refer to all the risky possibilities, yet still there are non proved status the danger of the magnetic moving ridge towards human wellness. There are a few researches shown there is a really high possibility of developing malignant neoplastic disease due high electromotive force transmittals lines but none of the research is definite and conclusive. Besides malignant neoplastic disease, a research has found low frequence magnetic moving ridge could strip homo ‘s sleeping form during dark clip because of stamp downing the melatonin endocrine. Other than that, the status or location of the transmittal line in Malaysia has lid concerns when the transmittal lines fluxing through the paddy field, the wood and besides the lodging estate. As for the ordinance concerns, due to none of the researches shown the danger of magnetic moving ridge in malignant neoplastic disease and other risky status, safeguards of these safety conditions are neglected. Equally long as there is no complain or human death from the populace, the authorities assume it has reach the safety demands. Therefore, we as the citizens or public, have to go a victim foremost before any Act or Regulation would be drafted to avoid such state of affairs. Make bear in head, it is non prevention but simply an turning away from the authorization. As more underdeveloped states are traveling frontward towards industrialization, more power lines are needed and more power workss will be build to for coevals. Therefore is our female parent Earth in the save from these magnetic moving ridges? Will it destruct our Earth and human sort or the mutational conditions has reached its extremum? No organic structure can reply it. As what a politician would state, there is non danger unless there are marks of decease or irreversible conditions. Uncertainty is the most deathly status compared to certainty.